2. Office of the Spokesman for the Secretary-General, Special/Personal Representatives or Envoys of the Secretary-General, 1997. According to the spokesman, this list was current as of January 28, 1997. It does not include the names of many of the most important SRSGs and personal envoys whose assignments had ended by this date. For a more comprehensive status report, see: U.N. General Assembly, Fifth Committee, Special Representatives, Envoys and Related Positions. Report of the Secretary General, A/C.5/50/72m, 20 September 1996. According to this report the total number of individuals serving in high-level special positions that Boutros-Ghali had created in response to Security Council mandates or at his personal discretion, peaked at 44 in 1994, and by July 31, 1996, had dropped to 32. This list differs from the one provided on January 28, 1997, by the secretary-general's spokesman, because it includes force commanders and several special positions unrelated to peace operations, and recent personnel shifts.
3. United Nations, "Renewing the United Nations: A Program for Reform," Report of the Secretary-General, 14 July 1997.
4. UN General Assembly, Fifth Committee, Special Representatives, op. cit. p. 1.
5. Edward Mortimer, "A Useful Scapegoat," Financial Times, September 25, 1996. Mortimer attributes to then U.S. ambassador to the UN Madeleine Albright the belief that the secretary-general should be only the UN's chief administrator.
6. From 1985 to 1989 there were, on average, five declared man-made emergencies each year. The number jumped to 20 in 1990, peaked at 26 in 1994, and decreased slightly to 24 in 1995. See Global Humanitarian Emergencies, 1996, a report compiled by the U.S. National Intelligence Council and published by the U.S. Mission to the United Nations, February 1996.
7. See: Donald J. Puchala, "Mediators and Conciliators," in Benjamin Rivlin and Leon Gordenker, eds., The Challenging Role of the UN Secretary General (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1993), pp. 85 -- 91.
8. Statement by the President of the Security Council, S/23500, 31 January 1992.
9. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace, Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to the statement adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council on 31 January 1992, A/47/277-S/24111, 17 June 1992.
10. David Cox, Exploring an Agenda for Peace: Issues Arising from the Report of the Secretary-General (Ottawa, Canada: Center for Global Security, October 1993).
11. Resolution of the General Assembly, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy and Related Matters, A/Res/47/120A, 18 December 1992.
12. Sir Brian Urquhart, "Foreword," in Benjamin Rivlin and Leon Gordenker, eds., The Challenging Role of the UN Secretary General (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1993), p. viii.
13. Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime Minister of Norway, Address to the 51st Session of the UN General Assembly, New York, 23 September 1996, p. 2.
14. See: Brian Urquhart, Ralph Bunche, An American Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993), Chap. 16, "The End of the Mediation and the Nobel Prize."
15. Puchala, op. cit., "The Secretary-General and His Special Representatives," pp. 81 -- 97.
16. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Supplement to an Agenda for Peace, Position paper of the Secretary-General on the occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations, A/50/60-S/1995/1, 3 January 1995.
17. Well-coordinated complex operations run from New York are not impossible, as Sir Robert Jackson demonstrated when he directed the UNROB operation in Bangladesh.
18. Jonathan Moore, The UN and Complex Emergencies, Rehabilitation in Third World Transitions (Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1996).
19. United Nations Blue Books Series Vol. VIII, The United Nations and Somalia, 1992 -- 1996 (New York: United Nations Publications, 1996).
20. See, for example: UN Office of Legal Affairs, Codification Division, Handbook on the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes between States (New York: United Nations, 1992).
21. Moore, op. cit., p. 60.
22. 1998 -- 1999 Budget Outline, "Briefing," by Joseph E. Connor, under-secretary-general for Administration and Management, provided by United Nations Information Centre, 20 September 1996.
23. Brundtland, op. cit., p. 3.
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